Women in Telecommunication in Europe and Middle East

Introduction The Middle East and Eastern Europe are currently highly focused areas in telecommunication, IT and the media. The markets in this region are gaining liberty and stabilizing in terms of economical and political aspects.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Women in Telecommunication in Europe and Middle East specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Romania is to date one of the biggest players and a fast growing market in telecommunication and IT. The players in the sector have discovered the potential in it sector and are currently putting resources to invest in the field and explore more opportunities (Delmon 5). Telecommunication is a crucial industry since most sectors in the world make use of different telecommunication facilities. Without it, distance communication would not be possible and thus operations in virtually all areas would be impossible. Middle East and Europe are among the leadings areas in telecommunication where continued research and innovativeness in the sector is essential. However, women have been marginalized in this sector in these areas. Majority of men believe that women cannot perform well in this sector .The truth is that women are equally good and can act as leaders in this male dominated field. For this to happen, there is need for them to prove their capabilities and be ready to take up tasks that have been historically reserved for men. Broad Areas to be covered The aim of this dissertation will be to look at this issue in depth by analyzing the roles that women can take in telecommunication industry in Europe and Middle East. The dissertation will attempt to explore the following broad categories of the topic in a bid to satisfactorily handle the topic. Professional requirements that a successful performer in the telecommunication industry in Middle East and Europe should possess. Challenges facing telecommunication industry in Europe and Middle East . Attitude of women towards telecommunication and other related professions. Historical analysis regarding whether women from these regions have been involved in leadership endeavors. Mechanisms that can be put in place to facilitate women in taking leadership roles in telecommunication. Research Question A research question is an important component in conducting research since it drives the researcher to remain focused during the research period (White, 2002). It helps narrow down the scope of research since a research with a broad research question may be difficult to conduct. For example, a research question such as ‘business management’ is too wide because there are hundreds of aspects of business management (White, 2003). However, a question like ‘what are the challenges facing Saudi Arabia business management style’ is a focused research question. Having a research question will therefore make me remain focused within my topic without deviating to o ther extraneous aspects .Advertising Looking for assessment on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Positivist vs Interpretative Approaches A positivist approach to research holds the view that reality is accorded objectively and full description is possible through features that are not dependent on the researcher and his research tools. Positivists are involved in testing theories in a bid to increase the power of prediction as they try to understand different phenomena On the contrary, interpretative approach to research assumes that the source of reality is social variables such as language or shared meanings. Interpretative approach interprets data by analyzing the meanings that people have assigned phenomena hence this acts as the source of their understanding. The approach to my topic will definitely be different when I use positivist approach because I will be testing theories to increase my prediction capac ity of phenomena. When using interpretative approach, my understanding will be based on the meanings that people assign phenomena. Reference List Delmon. (n.d). Telecommunication. Web. ESC. (n.d). Developing a Research Question. Web. Michael, D. (2011). Qualitative Research in Information Systems. Web. Sweetman, C. (2000). Gender and technology. New York: Gender and technology.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Women in Telecommunication in Europe and Middle East specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More White, B. (2003). Dissertation Skills for Business and Management Students. London: Cengage Learning. White, B. (2002). Writing your MBA Dissertation. london: Cengage Learning. This assessment on Women in Telecommunication in Europe and Middle East was written and submitted by user Tiana Morris to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Political changes of 17th cent essays

Political changes of 17th cent essays When one looks at the religious wars, it is very difficult to identify a beginning and middle. People can argue that the seed for the wars was planted in the wars between the Calvinists and Hapsburgs, otherwise known as the Dutch and the Spanish. In addition, people can argue that the Protestant Reformation in Germany and other parts of Europe sparked these "religious" wars. It was inevitable that the growing division between Christian churches in Europe would lead to a series of armed conflicts for over a century. Protestants and Catholics would shed each other's blood in monumental amounts in national wars and in civil wars. These struggles would eventually destroy the European monarchical traditions themselves. But truly, were they even religious wars? Thus, the question arises. The Bohemian War, fought from 1618 through 1623 was most likely the one war that had anything to do with religion. After Mathais, Ferdinand the Second took over as the Holy Roman emperor. Being a passionate member of the Catholic Church, Calvinism was just out of the question in his book. No one in Bohemia would be allowed to carry out religious services in any way promoting Calvinism. The conflict went much further. The Bohemian princes became irritated, and Ferdinand sent two ambassadors to try to ease the tensions. This only sparked an onslaught of aggression. Fear of being forced into Catholicism was enough t push the princes over the edge, and the two ambassadors were thrown out the window in objection. Thus came the defenestration of Prague. The fighting still had a long way to go, and at the Battle of White Mountain, the forces collided. The Catholic group, called the Catholic League, was backed by Ferdinand II, Spain, the Elector in Saxony (Germany) and also the Pope, conqu ered the relatively smallish Bohemian army. The success was immense, and Alsace went to Spain to maintain good ties. To move on to the next wars, one must discuss Cardinal Ri...

Age and Gender Differences on Fear of Crime

Age and Gender Differences on Fear of Crime The current study aimed to investigate age and gender effects on fear of crime and their relationships with attitude towards prisoner and crime, life satisfaction, living arrangement and religion in a Chinese sample. 170 undergraduate and postgraduate students, with a mean age of 21.9 years, participated in this study. Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire on fear of crime. In general, women reported significantly greater fear of crime than men. A factor analysis was performed and two factors were extracted: â€Å"fear of being cheated† and â€Å"fear of physical harm†. An age-gender interaction effect was found after controlling the variable of â€Å"attitude towards prisoner†. Results indicated that older females had higher levels of fear of being cheated than males. Yet, gender and age differences in fear of fraud victimizations are a largely unexplored area. Additional research is needed to examine how women’s fear of being cheated varie s with age. Introduction Fear of crime has received considerable attention in the criminological studies. Over the last few decades, research has been carried out to explore how fear of crime is explained and handled by society. Information about fear of crime not only help us to understand and interpret what fear of crime meant for individuals and societies, but also facilitate government to develop active plans to tackle public’s fear. Anxieties about crime may lead to behavioral adaptation, e.g. taking precautions against crime and avoiding certain places. Nonetheless, public anxieties about crime may also have negative consequences for the individual and for society. For example, they may exacerbate the impact of crime by damaging an individual’s quality of life or may affect the community by deteriorating a shared sense of trust, cohesion, and social control (Jackson, 2006). The concept of fear of crime and its causation is widely examined in the criminological fi eld, but there is a lack of agreement on the definition of ‘fear of crime’. Fear of crime may involve two different concepts: an ‘evaluative’ component and an ’emotional’ component (Skogen, 1984). For instance, Hollway and Jefferson (1997) referred crime fear as ‘irrational’ response in which the ‘rational, calculating individuals who routinely miscalculate their â€Å"true† risk of crime’; whereas Ferraro (1995) suggested that fear of crime is ‘an emotional reaction of dread or anxiety to crime or symbols that a person associates with crime’. Past research has identified a number of factors which appear to make a contribution to fear, such as age, gender, race, vulnerability, neighbourhood cohesion, personal knowledge of crime and victimization, confidence in police and criminal justice systems, perception of risk, and assessment of offence seriousness (Box, Hale and Andrews, 1988). However, the c urrent study will focus mainly on age and gender effects on fear of crime. Gender and Age Effects It is well-documented that women are more fearful of becoming a victim of crime than men despite the fact that they are less often victimized by serious violent crime (Pain, 2001; Fetchenhauer and Buunk, 2005). Over the past decades, researchers have proposed different approaches to resolve the â€Å"fear victimization paradox†: (1) hidden victimization of women; (2) gender tendencies of women to recall victimization experience, and to generalize fear from one context to another; (3) vulnerability of women; and (4) male discount of fear. Most crime surveys have shown that the levels of violence against women (e.g. domestic violence) are far higher than men; therefore it has been argued that women are not ‘irrationally’ fearful of crime. It is because women and elderly under-report their actual victimization, and thus they appear to be less victimized (Pain, 2001). Ho wever, some have suggested that women tend to ‘generalize’ the actual experience of victimization across spatial contexts than men (Pain, 1995; Farraro, 1995). Warr (1984) found that fear of sexual assault operated as a â€Å"master offense† among women and their fear of sexual assault influenced fear of nonpersonal crimes, such as burglary. Yet, still others reported that males often discount their fear of crime (Smith and Torstensson, 1997). Previous literature has demonstrated that males are suppressed by the perception that it is not socially acceptable to express one’s fear; and when men are being perfectly honest, they may actually be more afraid of crime than women (Sutton and Farrall, 2005). On the other hand, the vulnerability hypothesis suggested that women are physically weaker than men and therefore they are less able to defend themselves against (typically male) perpetrators. A considerable amount of studies have also shown that that gender di fference in fear of crime often reflects gender difference in physical vulnerability (e.g. Smith and Torstensson, 1997).

Difference between intelligent and wisdom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Difference between intelligent and wisdom - Essay Example The need to find the truth behind the functioning of different world phenomena and nature makes knowledge equally necessary for humankind. Knowledge, from the philosophical standpoint, may include that which emanates from an individual’s intellect or possession of wisdom. The debate on the distinctions that exist between intellect and wisdom attracts the consideration of several philosophical concepts. From a philosophical perspective, it is incontrovertible that both intelligence and wisdom constitute knowledge. This brings the question of how knowledge based on intelligence differs from that with a foundation on wisdom. Many philosophical attributes to intelligence relate it to the ability to embrace rational reasoning. Rationality, as pertains to reasoning, involves individuality of thought and reasoning. Knowledge gained through experience after an expansive span of time would bring wisdom. Lifelong education coupled with the various instances, through which one acquires k nowledge, are avenues that contribute to the acquisition of wisdom that individual posses. However, there is difference between information acquisition over a long time and the level of an individual’s wisdom. ... Wise individuals tend to concentrate on the desire and enthusiasm of redefining old truths and philosophical perspectives and ideas that may present confusing and divergent opinions. Wisdom, therefore, is a basis on which there is the gain of a deep understanding of ideas beyond existing theories. Generally, this comes with high advancement in an individual’s age. The relation of redefinition of phenomena to old age emanates from the necessity to relate past events to present situations. This renders the elderly part of the population well advanced, in age, to relate events over time. The various concerns that wisdom explore include the search for humanity and morality in the society. Knowledge of intellects and the wise may also differ in their forms of approach. An intellect would acquire knowledge through scientific means that are explainable in a way that detaches the individual from the context in study. It is purely abstract an explained through theoretical points of vie w. This renders intellect as impersonal and unrelated from the person. Intellectual knowledge, therefore, is self-governing through contextual explanations rather than based on attributes to the person who posses it. Wisdom, however, adopts a contrary approach from intellect. It assumes a spiritual approach to defining different phenomena. The wise are anxious about life-defining issues as the significance of life. In the definition and contextualization of most subjects, wise individuals adopt a personal approach. The premises in the discourse to finding an answer to a situation and concern do not depend on rigid theories that have empirical proofs. Instead, the wise finds solutions based on their personal feelings and their experience, over time, that helps in explaining their opinions.

System Dynamic Modeling Methodology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

System Dynamic Modeling Methodology - Essay Example System dynamics is the study and application of how the system works and how it could be improved upon and made more efficient. From the management point of view, system dynamics is an indispensable tool without which any attempt at effective decision making is fraught with grave risks and danger to the enterprise. Even so, decisions based on meticulous implementation of system dynamics are no guarantee for sure success, although they may help to some extent in maintaining the status quo after thorough trial and testing. As an aid to decision making, system dynamics has no alternative. It monopolizes the entire realm of factors, utilities, activities, tools, elements, and even incentives and motivations that go into the outcome of a single product. It is the root from which the management could hope to draw the fruits, and the pruning from which better growth could be ensured [1]. The origins of system dynamics encompass the entire management hierarchy. It is a process which is as much relevant on the shop floor as it is at the highest management level. The theory of system dynamics is based on certain assumptions relevant to the creation and operation of the system that runs the enterprise. The guiding principles for the management of the ecosystem are interlinked with those of the manufacturing units and global warming issues. Each of these is crucially linked to the other and their successful coordination is essential in order to curtail harmful greenhouse effects and preserve life and natural resources. The modalities for coordinating multipurpose system dynamics are based on the observation and studies of several disciplines of both natural and manmade order. Ecosystems and ecological processes related to hydrology, hydrochemistry, hydrobiology, water bodies, thermodynamics, environmental geography, mathematics and statistics covering ecosystems and ecology, industrial statistics, waste and pollution management statistics and approaches to information systems and operations research are some of the important features that assume prominence in development of system dynamics modeling methodology. It is necessary to ensure the components comprising each system evaluation does not overlap with different disciplines, or even if they do they do not present distorted but precise information in keeping with the identity of the factor or factors the component of the system is tracking. For instance, if there is a single chemical compound contaminating a water body then the component of the system tracking it should be the same for the source of the chemical compound, its course and its final destination. [2] Advantage/disadvantage (limitation of the method) System dynamics provides constant feedback on the basis of which decisions can be taken and corrective measures applied. Indeed, the utility and scope of the system dynamics rests on its ability to provide information for deciding on the subsequent course of action. Corporate policies and decisions through appropriate use of quantitative analysis and selection of right information could result in better chances of success. One of the major problems with the system is that the

Comparing Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau Essay Example for Free

Comparing Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau Essay In many works of literature, authors express their viewpoints on society and times in which they live. In the essay â€Å"Self Reliance† by Ralph Waldo Emerson, and the book Walden by Henry David Thoreau, the authors speak out against conformity and materialism in society. Both were romanticism authors during the 1800s. They focused on simplicity and individuality. Both writings can advise teenagers today on the importance of non-conformity and the value of rejecting materialism. In â€Å"Self Reliance†, Emerson discusses being one’s own person and not allowing society to mold someone like a piece of clay; â€Å"Trust thyself† are the exact words he used. Trusting oneself means it is okay to be different if one wants or chooses to be different. It means that one does not have to follow the â€Å"bad† crowd just because everyone else may be choosing to do so. One must know that if they have a good idea and if they believe in that ideaeven if it is different from the norm of societysome people will follow. Emerson also says, â€Å"Whoso would be a man, must be a non-conformist. † This means that to be a true and real person, one must stand up for what they believe in and not allow themselves to be completely changed by society. One must not conform to ways that will cause them to be someone or something outside of their own desires. In the beginning of his writing, Emerson gives us a definition of what he believes defines genius: â€Å"To believe your own thought, to believe that what is true for you in your private heart is true for all men—that is genius. ’ This is his way of saying that every person should know that doing what one thinks is right is the best decision—for him/herself. Every educated person does not conform to society if they do not think that society is going in the right path. Emerson also says that people who have good ideas are misunderstood. In his statement, â€Å"To be great is to be misunderstood†, Emerson is saying that most people who had great ideas in history were misjudged because their ideas were not along with the norms of society’s ideas. Therefore, the societal conformists thought that their ideas were wrong. Emerson gives reasons as to why most people conform to society and try to be the same. He says, â€Å"The other terror that scares us from self-trust is our consistency†meaning that people might follow society because that is what they are used to doing. They are only doing what they saw happening when they were younger. Their parents and other adults probably did the same thing that most people do todayconform. Emerson disputes this reason in his statement by saying, â€Å"But why should you keep your head over your shoulder? Suppose you should contradict yourself; what then? It seems to be a rule of wisdom never to rely on your memory alone†. Relying on the past could be problematic when someone questions things since most were probably brought up a certain way and are used to doing things the same way, but never really knew a good reason why to conform. In â€Å"Walden†, Thoreau explains how having less material things can simply your life. He says, â€Å"Our inventions are wont to be pretty toys, which distract our attention from serious things† In saying this, he means to own your items and do not let them own you. Thoreau thinks that people have the desire to own things, thus, causing them to have to use all of their time working to own said things. Working all the time means that one can not do the things that one wants to, and that the items that one desires ends up owning them. Through this statement, Thoreau is basically saying that having all these things such as cell phones, iPods, laptops, and televisions are distracting people from the more important things in life such as family, health, and well-being. One of Thoreau’s famous quotes is, â€Å"Simplicity, simplicity, simplicity! † This means to make ones’ life as simple as possible. He thinks that the poor are the fortunate ones since they have the least to look after and worry about while the rich have so much to look after that they do not have time for themselves. Living a simple life enables one to be free of commitment and obligations. One only has to worry about one’s self. Both Emerson and Thoreau believe that following one’s own path in life is the best way to go. They believe that being oneself and having a simple life is the best life. Both lessons can be relevant in today’s society by looking at the rural areas that still exist in the United States. Some of these areas still follow the principle of a simple and non-materialistic life. Their lives are not filled with technology and other things that distract most people from life. Young people (myself included), can take away much from Emerson’s and Thoreau’s writings. I could focus on more important things in life rather than wasting lots of time on unnecessary technology such as Facebook and Twitter. We could use technology under moderation and make sure that those things do not take up more time than necessary in our lives.

Out-Out by Robert Frost and Mid Term Break by Seamus Heaney Essay

Analyse the two poems Out-Out by Robert Frost and Mid Term Break by Seamus Heaney by paying particular attention to the similarities between the two poems 'Out-Out' was written by Robert Frost who was an American poet born in 1874. He moved to the New Englandfarm country, where most of his poems were inspired. 'Mid Term Break' was written by Seamus Heaney, who was born on a farm in county Londonderry in Northern Ireland. The two poems are very similar and are both about the deaths of a young child, one about a boy who loses his hand whilst using a buzz saw; unfortunately, he also loses his life. In Mid Term Break the boy loses his life in a car accident. He was only left with "A poppy bruise on his left temple" There are also lots of differences between the two poems. In Out-Out the young boy was from quite a poor working class background in my opinion, which meant that the young boy had to work for the day in order to help the family. However the boy in Mid-Term Break was from a higher class family and seemed to be in quite a posh school. "College sick bay" This could mean it is a boarding school because it has its own sick-bay. The similarities between the poems are that both of the deaths were accidents and were also quite brutal. Out-Out is a poem of 34 lines of just one stanza. The poem is written in the 3rd person by somebody that is narrating the story, and that has no connections with the happenings of the poem. The way the poem is written also makes it less tragic, as every line flows to the next without giving much time to think about what has happened. The rhyming also hides some of the sadness in the poem. One point to consider is the shape of the poem, as it vaguely resemble... ...fer to catholic beliefs as in the religion they light candles to remember peoples lives, and to send them to heaven. Unlike Out-Out the ending is far more dramatic and depressing rather then the fading away from the story as happened In Out-Out, as you didn't even know how old the boy was until the very last line. This makes it seem very sad. "wearing a poppy bruise on his left temple, he lay in the four foot box as in his cot. No gaudy scars, the bumper knocked him clear. A four foot box, a foot for every year." This is very effective because it explained everything that happened, as we didn't know the story until the end. I think that makes the poem much more emotional, not knowing what to think. I believe Mid Term Break is more effective because of the was the poet has described the death, and it seems much more emotional that Out-Out.

Bsp Money Supply Policy

Supply of Money There are several definitions of the supply of money. M1 is narrowest and most commonly used. It includes all currency (notes and coins) in circulation, all checkable deposits held at banks (bank money), and all traveler's checks. A somewhat broader measure of the supply of money is M2, which includes all of M1 plus savings and time deposits held at banks. An even broader measure of the money supply is M3, which includes all of M2 plus large denomination, long-term time deposits—for example, certificates of deposit (CDs) in amounts over $100,000.Most discussions of the money supply, however, are in terms of the M1 definition of the money supply. Banking business. In order to understand the factors that determine the supply of money, one must first understand the role of the banking sector in the money-creation process. Banks perform two crucial functions. First, they receive funds from depositors and, in return, provide these depositors with a checkable source of funds or with interest payments.Second, they use the funds that they receive from depositors to make loans to borrowers; that is, they serve as intermediaries in the borrowing and lending process. When banks receive deposits, they do not keep all of these deposits on hand because they know that depositors will not demand all of these deposits at once. Instead, banks keep only a fraction of the deposits that they receive. The deposits that banks keep on hand are known as the banks' reserves. When depositors withdraw deposits, they are paid out of the banks' reserves.The reserve requirement is the fraction of deposits set aside for withdrawal purposes. The reserve requirement is determined by the nation's banking authority, a government agency known as the central bank. Deposits that banks are not required to set aside as reserves can be lent to borrowers, in the form of loans. Banks earn profits by borrowing funds from depositors at zero or low rates of interest and using these fu nds to make loans at higher rates of interest.

Management course paper

Roger and Roethlisberger state in their highly acclaimed article â€Å"Barriers and Gateway to  Communication† that one of the major barriers effecting interpersonal communication  between two human beings is the evaluative nature of Human Beings. In a typical inter  personal communication between two individuals each person tries to evaluate the attitude of  the partner towards oneself. Furthermore each party looks for signs of negative perception  about oneself in the eyes of the partner at the same time passing negative judgment about the  partner. So essentially an individual analyzes the communication to determine the answers to  following questions; What is his/her attitude towards me? What does he/she think about me and my opinion and ideas? What do I think about him/her (What kind of a person is he?)? Thus in the process of finding answers to these questions people tend to miss out the main  points and the true meaning of what the partner is trying to say. This situation leads to  misunderstanding and the communication turns into an argument which may further  deteriorate into a verbal war. Roger and Roethlisberger propose that active listening helps to make the communication  effective. Active listening means that a person must be able to understand what exactly  his/her partner is trying to say? This can be achieved when one understands the emotions and  feelings of the partner and perceives the partner’s words as the partner perceives them. Thus  in a communication each individual must restate their partners words to their partners  satisfaction, this ensures that the person gets the true meaning of his partners statements. Perceiving the others frame of mind is only possible when one checks his tendency to [1]  evaluate, thus effective listening is not an easy task in fact it is a skill which has to be  gradually developed.  Roger and Roethlisberger further propose that when interpersonal communication takes  place at a group level it becomes difficult to perceive the opponents frame of mind so using a  mediator who restates the statements of each person or group helps to solve the problem.  When an individual knows that his statements are being restated to his satisfaction and the  fact that he is being understood mollifies him, he in turn tries to understand what his  opponent wants to say? And the communication progresses effectively and a solution to the  problem in discussion is easily achieved. Answer to Question 2 The process of active listening in an interpersonal communication requires that an individual  empathies with the partner. This is accomplished by perceiving the world as perceived by the  partner, however involving oneself in the frame of reference of another individual may lead  to unwanted outcomes. The following is a list of unwanted possibilities that may occur due to  extreme empathy. A person may begin to appreciate others ideas over his own.  His priorities may be replaced by someone else’s. An individual may loose his identity and his personality may be altered.  He may be manipulated by the person he is empathizing with or other people may   perceive he is being manipulated or is working under someone’s influence.  Because of these reasons people tend to be afraid of active listening, furthermore active  listening is possible only when both the parties engaging in an interpersonal communication  are willing to implement the techniques of active listening. In case only one individual  practices active listening while the other continues in an argumentative mode then the  individual who is using active listening may be discouraged in doing so and may resort to  adopt an argumentative approach. The fear of active listening is more apparent in real life work environment. In an organization  every individual is accountable to their immediate boss and is responsible for their immediate  subordinates. The manager looks at all things from a broader perspective and is responsible  for activities of all his subordinates, thus he has to make sure that the function that is  delegated to him synchronizes well with other organizational function in the process of  achieving the organizational objective. A subordinate on the other hand works on a narrower  perspective and is only responsible for the job allotted to him or the team to which he  belongs, so a subordinate is only concerned with the problem that he faces in the process of  accomplishing his task. In an interpersonal communication between the manager and a subordinate the manager  stands the risk of loosing his priorities if he applies active listening. Let us consider a factual  case where a group of laborers present their problems to a manager who is genuinely  concerned about his subordinates as well as the company as a whole. If the manager gets  totally involved in his perception of the subordinates frame of reference then he looses his  perspective and begins to evaluate the situation from a narrower perspective in doing so he  forgets to analyze the situation from the organizational point of view and rather takes works  on the problem at a personal level. Thus active listening is best practiced when the manager is capable of using the technique  without getting deeply involved in subordinate’s frame of reference. Managers who  successfully employ active listening are able to make their subordinates feel good and this  also helps in motivating the subordinates, furthermore managers who practice active listening  are capable of gaining their subordinates trust and respect. (Roger & Roethlisberger) [1] Roger and Roethlisberger (Barriers and Gateway to communication 1991)   

Biography of Mary Todd Lincoln, Troubled First Lady

Biography of Mary Todd Lincoln, Troubled First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln (December 13, 1818–July 16, 1882) was the wife of President Abraham Lincoln. She became a figure of controversy and criticism during her time in the White House. After his death and the deaths of three of her children, she suffered great grief and was emotionally erratic. Fast Facts: Mary Todd Lincoln Known For:  Wife of Abraham Lincoln, she was a controversial first ladyAlso Known As: Mary Ann Todd LincolnBorn:  December 13, 1818  in Lexington, KentuckyParents: Robert Smith Todd and Eliza (Parker) ToddDied: July 16, 1882 in Springfield, IllinoisEducation: Shelby Female Academy, Madame Mantelles boarding schoolSpouse: Abraham LincolnChildren: Robert Todd Lincoln, Edward Baker Lincoln, William Willie Wallace Lincoln, Thomas Tad Lincoln  Ã‚  Notable Quote: I seem to be the scape-goat for both North and South. Early Life Mary Todd Lincoln was born on December 13, 1818, in Lexington, Kentucky. Her family was prominent in local society, at a time when Lexington was dubbed The Athens of the West. Mary Todds father, Robert Smith Todd, was a local banker with political connections. He had grown up near the estate of Henry Clay, a major figure in American politics in the early 19th century. When Mary was young, Clay often dined in the Todd household. In one often-told story, 10-year-old Mary rode to Clays estate one day to show him her new pony. He invited her inside and introduced the precocious girl to his guests. Mary Todds mother died when Mary was 6 years old, and when her father remarried Mary clashed with her stepmother. Perhaps to keep peace in the family, her father sent her away to the Shelby Female Academy, where she received 10 years of quality education at a time when education for women was not generally accepted in American life. One of Marys sisters had married the son of a former governor of Illinois and had moved to the state capital of Springfield. Mary visited her in 1837 and likely encountered Abraham Lincoln on that visit. Mary Todds Courtship With Abraham Lincoln Mary also settled in Springfield, where she made a major impression on the towns growing social scene. She was surrounded by suitors, including attorney Stephen A. Douglas, who would become Abraham Lincolns great political rival decades later. By late 1839, Lincoln and Mary Todd had become romantically involved, though the relationship had problems. There was a split between them in early 1841, but by late 1842 they had gotten back together, partly through their mutual interest in local political issues. Lincoln greatly admired Henry Clay. And he must have been impressed by the young woman who had known Clay in Kentucky. Marriage and Family of Abraham and Mary Lincoln Abraham Lincoln married Mary Todd on November 4, 1842. They took up residence in rented rooms in Springfield, but would eventually buy a small house. The Lincolns had four sons, three of whom died before adulthood: Robert Todd Lincoln was born on August 1, 1843. He was named for Marys father and would be the only Lincoln son to live to adulthood.Edward Baker Lincoln was born on March 10, 1846. Eddie became ill and died on February 1, 1850, weeks before his fourth birthday.William Wallace Lincoln was born on December 21, 1850. Willie became ill while living in the White House, perhaps because of polluted water. He died in the White House on February 20, 1862, at the age of 11.Thomas Lincoln was born on April 4, 1853. Known as Tad, he was a lively presence in the White House and Lincoln doted on him. He became ill, probably with tuberculosis, in Chicago and died there on July 15, 1871, at the age of 18. The years the Lincolns spent in Springfield are generally considered the happiest of Mary Lincolns life. Despite the loss of Eddie Lincoln and rumors of discord, the marriage seemed happy to neighbors and Marys relatives. At some point, animosity developed between Mary Lincoln and her husbands law partner William Herndon. He would later write scathing descriptions of her behavior, and much of the negative material associated with her seems to be based on Herndons biased observations. As Abraham Lincoln became more involved in politics, first with the Whig Party and later with the new Republican Party, his wife supported his efforts. Though she played no direct political role, in an era when women could not even vote she remained well-informed on political issues. Mary Lincoln as White House Hostess After Lincoln won the election of 1860, his wife became the most prominent White House hostess since Dolley Madison, the wife of President James Madison, decades earlier. Mary Lincoln was often criticized for spending too much money on White House furnishings and on her own clothing. She was also criticized for engaging in frivolous entertainments at a time of deep national crisis, but some defended her for trying to lift her husbands mood as well as the nations. Mary Lincoln was known to visit wounded Civil War soldiers and took an interest in various charitable endeavors. She went through her own very dark time, though, following the death of 11-year-old Willie Lincoln in an upstairs bedroom of the White House in February 1862. Lincoln feared that his wife had lost her sanity, as she went into a prolonged period of mourning. She also became very interested in spiritualism, a fad that first caught her attention in the late 1850s. She claimed to see ghosts wandering the halls of the White House and hosted seances. Lincolns Assassination On April 14, 1865, Mary Lincoln was seated beside her husband at Fords Theater when he was shot by John Wilkes Booth. Lincoln, mortally wounded, was carried across the street to a rooming house, where he died the following morning. Mary Lincoln was inconsolable during the long overnight vigil, and according to most accounts, Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton had her removed from the room where Lincoln was dying. During the long period of national mourning, which included a lengthy traveling funeral that passed through northern cities, she was barely able to function. While millions of Americans participated in funeral observances in towns and cities throughout the country, she stayed in a bed in a darkened room in the White House. Her situation became very awkward as the new president, Andrew Johnson, could not move into the White House while she still occupied it. Finally, weeks after her husbands death, she left Washington and returned to Illinois. Troubled Later Years In many ways, Mary Lincoln never recovered from her husbands murder. She first moved to Chicago and began to exhibit seemingly irrational behavior. For a few years, she lived in England with her youngest son Tad. After returning to America, Tad Lincoln died and his mothers behavior became alarming to her oldest son Robert Todd, who took legal action to have her declared insane. A court placed her in a private sanatorium, but she went to court and was able to have herself declared sane. Death Suffering from a number of physical ailments, Mary Lincoln sought treatment in Canada and New York City and eventually returned to Springfield. She spent the final years of her life as a virtual recluse and died on July 16, 1882, at the age of 63. She was buried beside her husband in Springfield. Legacy A well-educated and well-connected woman from a prominent Kentucky family, Mary Todd Lincoln was an unlikely partner for Lincoln, who had come from humble frontier roots. She is known mostly for the great losses she suffered in her lifetime and the emotional instability that resulted. Sources â€Å"The Life Of Mary Todd Lincoln.†Ã‚  eHistory.Turner, Justin G., and Linda Levitt Turner.  Mary Todd Lincoln: Her Life and Letters. From International Publishing Corporation, 1987

Harvard MBA admission essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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IRB Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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